Metabolic acidosis study module covering anion gap calculation, normal-range caveats, NAGMA vs HAGMA causes, and classic versus modern high-yield mnemonics.
Review the core table first, then launch practice to convert recognition into faster recall.
| Type | Mnemonic(s) | Causes | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|
| Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis (NAGMA) | HARDUPS / USEDCARP (classic) | Hyperalimentation, Addison disease, renal tubular acidosis, diarrhea, ureteral diversion, pancreatic fistula, saline infusion | Bicarbonate loss or chloride gain with little accumulation of unmeasured anions |
| High anion gap metabolic acidosis (HAGMA) | GOLD MARK (modern); MUDPILES (older classic) | Glycols, oxoproline, L-lactate, D-lactate, methanol, aspirin/salicylates, renal failure, ketoacidosis | Accumulation of unmeasured organic or toxic anions |
| Formula | Interpretation caveat |
|---|---|
| Na+ − (Cl− + HCO3−) | Traditional normal range is often taught as ~12 ± 2 mEq/L, but the expected value varies with laboratory method and falls in hypoalbuminemia. |
This tool is for educational purposes only. Always verify clinical values against current authoritative sources before patient care.